Genetically Modified Organisms: Its Uses and the Debate Surrounding It

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is essentially a living organism -whether a plant, animal, or microorganism- that have had their DNA altered in a laboratory through genetic engineering. This process involves identifying the individual genes that control specific traits to implement, copying the genetic information from an organism with the desired characteristic, and inserting the information into the DNA of another organism. Genes can be modified by removing the DNA as well.

Uses of GMO are becoming more frequent, in particular, crops. In the United States in 2020, GMO soybeans made up 94% of all soybeans planted and GMO cotton made up 96% of all cotton planted. Some other plants that are commonly genetically modified are canola, potatoes, squash, and sugarcane, and these crops can be used to produce other products or ingredients for food, such as oil, corn syrup, starch, and livestock feed. Other uses include the production of drugs and vaccines, along with the diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases in the healthcare industry.

Most GMO crops are resistant to insect damage, herbicides, and viruses, aiding in the control of weeds without damaging crops, and tend to thrive in comparison to non-GMO plants. They are also highly engineered to increase the nutritional value in them and are typically bred in higher yields. This is a trait common in most GMOs, as they are often able to outcompete natural species due to the introduced beneficial gene. 

However, those advocating against the use of GMO criticize that the addition of a new gene into an organism can alter the pattern of genetic expression (metabolism, growth rate, response to stimuli, etc.) in unexpected ways, causing adverse health effects on the people and the environment. Moreover, though there have been concerns that GMO may affect DNA and cause cancer, the American Cancer Society (ACS) has stated that there is no evidence linking increased or decreased risks of cancer to eating GMOs. 

Potential risks can be mitigated through proper research and risk management, such as careful and controlled gene expression, precautionary regulations, and sustainable agricultural practices. While GMOs present great prospects in food security, healthcare, and environmental well-being, it is essential to evaluate the risks thoroughly to ensure responsible innovation.

DNA, RNA, genes and genomics – what's the difference? - Institute for Molecular Bioscience - University of Queensland

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